Summary:
GIS
Author McGarigle discuses the advantages of GIS in regards to urban design, planning, and architecture. He explains the how GIS informs urban design. The data collected for visual presentation in a GIS model allows for city planners to better evaluate possible environmental impacts that would not be as apparent when observing GIS data independent from the system. GIS maps out a larger scope of the environmental impact of the surrounding communities located near proposed development areas. McGarigle also indicates that ArcView’s GIS combined with 3D Studio Viz results in construction models that “could be viewed in both time and space” with 3D city features. This feature allows for analysis of the constructive events, and helps to determine the proper sequence of these events. Brian McGrath, University of Columbia architecture professor states “It is in defining the social, historical, political, and environmental context of architecture that GIS has relevance to architecture.” He stresses that the information GIS provides to architects is to help inform them in ways that aid in problem solving.
BIM
Joann Gonchar (2009) illustrates the advantages of Building Information Modeling programs, such as Revit by referencing Miller Hull Partnership and BN builder’s King County Library project. She explains the advantages of BIM as it relates to the design process. The information derived enables designer to analyze environmental elements as they relate to the building, such as lighting, wind, and rain. In addition, energy simulations can be administered and storage capacity may be evaluated. Much of the information BIM provides designer helps in making decisions early on in the design process. This is beneficial whether one or multiple teams are able to work on different project spaces simultaneously.
SIMULATION
Minutillo (2008) reviews several Middle Eastern architectural projects to show how ventilation, wind speed, solar radiation, and moonlighting are analyzed through simulation. CFD is used for analyzing ventilation and particle movement patterns. CFX helps to investigate wind speed issues as they relate a building. Ecotect analyzes solar radiation of surfaces at various times. AGI32 is a lighting analysis program used for day lighting, electric, and moonlighting.
Contextualize:
McGarigle’s article related to GIS explains the idea is for the GIS model to act as a 3D database, with CAD characteristics. One of the most significant features would be the similar CAD xReference capability, in which one project can be worked on and updated simultaneously by multiple users. This similar ability to xReference is utilized in BIM programs. Gonchar (2009) reflects the same attitude. BIM programs are 3D, but go a step further in architecture by making not only construction documents available, but also data details including materials, lighting, environmental elements, etc. It also has the capability to by used by multiple users at the same time, to save time in a constructive manner. In Minutillo’s (2008) article Robert Goodwin, AIA believes in the same idea in respect to simulation, that the programs can contribute analyses early on the design process.
Argument:
A combination of GIS, BIM, and Simulation software would allow for a thorough examination in the initial phases of architectural designs, whether interior or exterior. The multiple use of various programs would enable designers to address specific site concerns and integrate the information to produce a design that takes into account many facets of the environment, materials, and construction as it relates to a projects surrounding areas and to the building(s). While GIS and BIM designs are being conducted for one design, the same design could be analyzed with Simulation programs. Instead of these being separate databases from one another, the hope is that in the future all of the information gained from GIS, BIM, and simulation can be combined in to one model database.
Evidence:
Author Minutillo’s opinion that “The architect’s job is to integrate the information provided by these simulation programs into their design” is one that I extend to an architect’s job integrating not only simulation, but also GIS and BIM. In the same article Buro Happold’s Herman states, “That’s when the input from these types of analytical programs is truly successful”. “Ideally, you’d never know that changes to the design had ever happened. Everything about the finished structure would simply look like it was always meant to be there.” This is the goal of my argument that each of the programs benefit architectural designs by delivering a much more accurate model of the final construction.
References:
Gonchar, J. (2009, December). Diving into BIM. Continuing Education Center. Retrieved February 27, 2011, from http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=625
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